Central India Journal of Medical Research

Understanding of Randomization and its reporting in Randomized Controlled Trials

Sada Nand Dwivedi — 2025-04-18

Under the present era of evidence-based healthcare in general and evidence-based medicine in particular, while searching for a new and/or more efficacious/economic intervention/drug, an optimal solution is obtained from a well-planned randomized controlled trial (RCT). For this, to avoid unexpected biases, random allocation (i.e., randomization) of considered patients in different treatment/intervention arms is mandatory. In other words, an experimental study without involving random allocation of patients between treatment arms is never an RCT. Depending on the considered research question/hypothesis/objective of the RCT, the structure of the study population, and the study design, one of the various approaches of randomization may be used. The aim of this write-up is to address a few important issues related to involved randomization under RCT.

Tooth Loss, Anxiety and Depression: A Viewpoint

Nidhi Sinha — 2025-04-18

Loss of teeth may be due to dental caries or periodontitis. Congenitally missing teeth and trauma may be other reasons. The absence of teeth in the oral cavity affects the individual’s esthetic factor, speech and mastication. More than ten to twelve teeth missing has a profound effect on the mental health of a person.
On the other hand, an individual with a mental disorder is not in the condition to take care of his dental hygiene thus making the oral hygiene even worse and so also the mental health deteriorates.
Oral health and mental health clinicians need to collaborate to reduce the burden of health-related disorders in this arena.

Menstruation: An update on the need to educate the Indian Women

Avi Choudhary — 2025-04-18

Menstruation is a natural part of the reproductive cycle, but it has been surrounded by myths and taboos in many cultures, including India. Traditional beliefs have linked menstruation with impurity and led to discrimination against menstruating women. There is an urgent need to educate women and increase awareness and cultural beliefs. This can be achieved through public health initiatives, increased education, and using social media as a platform for women to share their experiences.

Advancing Medical Education: Exploring Virtual Dissection Tables and Skill Labs for Innovative Visualisation and Simulation Techniques

Pandurang Bokil — 2025-04-18

Human gross anatomy, traditionally taught through cadaver dissection, faces challenges due to increasing class sizes, cadaver shortages, and high maintenance costs. This review explores advanced visualization and simulation techniques, such as virtual dissection tables and three-dimensional visualization technologies, as innovative teaching methods that enhance spatial understanding, knowledge retention, and student engagement. Traditional cadaver-based education is hindered by ethical concerns, logistical complexities, and emotional stress, and the time-consuming, often unpleasant nature of dissections deters regular participation, despite the valuable and lasting learning experiences they offer during clinical rotations. Modern visualization technologies, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), offer immersive learning experiences that address these limitations. Virtual dissection tables like CADAVIZ allow the manipulation of 3D anatomical models, enhancing spatial understanding and collaborative learning. Skill labs and simulation techniques further revolutionize medical education by optimizing patient safety and clinical skills in a risk-free environment and integrating haptics into virtual dissection tables and simulators promising even more effective training experiences. This review highlights the potential of these advanced tools to create a more inclusive, engaging, and effective learning environment, addressing the limitations of traditional methods and meeting the diverse needs of contemporary medical students.

Culprits of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Diseases: Bench to Bedside Impression

Aasheesh Kumar — 2025-04-18

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease of the brain and around 60% of dementia cases are associated with sporadic AD. Dementia particularly beyond 65 years of age, is the chief problem; therefore, it is called the senile dementia of Alzheimer’s type (SDAT). Besides SDAT, patients manifest anxiety, delusion, aggression, memory loss and cognitive impairment. To understand the pathophysiology of the disease various animal models of Alzheimer’s disease like streptozotocin, polyC, amyloid beta, hp-tau and APOE 4 Tg mice are widely used in the discovery of potential targets for AD treatment. The actual pathophysiology of the disease is not known yet. Hypotheses proposed for the onset of AD are proteinopathies like tauopathy and amyloid-beta deposits, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cholinergic deficit and impaired insulin signaling. To date, there are no therapeutic interventions available; only a few drugs are recommended to AD patients; only to harness temporary symptomatic relief. Understanding the actual culprits of the disease is necessary to retain lost neurons in the brain by stimulating NPCs present in the brain with some non-invasive techniques. Neurogenesis could be a potential compensatory pathway for neurodegeneration and related global brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease, which can retain functional deficits.

Hirata Disease (Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome)- A Rare Disease Manifesting as Hypoglycemia

Vipasha Garg — 2025-04-18

Insulin autoantibodies at high titres cause hypo-glycemia episodes in patients with insulin autoimmune syndrome, commonly known as Hirata's disease. Immuno-absorbent syndrome is a type of immune-mediated hypoglycaemia that arises when a trigger such as a drug or a virus interacts with a predisposed genetic background. Insulin-Auto antibodies complexes are formed during the pathophysiology of Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome and cause double-phase glycaemic changes. Insulin is released from the complexes regardless of blood glucose concentrations, causing hypoglycaemia.

Recurrenthypokalemic Weakness Secondary to Sjogren’s Syndrome: A dRTA Effect

Masum Talesara — 2025-04-18

Renal involvement is observed in approximately 5% of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), with tubulointerstitial nephritis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis being the predominant lesions1. We describe the case of a 50-year-old female who presented with lower limb weakness. The comprehensive evaluation revealed hypokalemic paralysis and subsequent investigations confirmed a diagnosis of type 1 distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) secondary to SS. The patient was managed with symptomatic treatment, including intravenous potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate to correct hypokalemia and acidosis, alongside corticosteroids and hydroxychloroquine for immunomodulation of SS. Clinical improvement was observed with resolution of acidosis and stabilization of serum potassium levels. This case underscores the importance of considering dRTA in SS patients presenting with neuromuscular weakness and highlights the effective role of combined electrolyte correction and immunosuppressive therapy in such cases. The patient magically improved with the correction of acidosis and hypokalemia.

Exploring Hematohidrosis: Unveiling the Mysteries of a Rare Condition

Tejaswani Patel — 2025-04-18

Hematohidrosis is a rare condition characterized by the excretion of blood through eccrine sweat glands without associated injury or trauma. Despite various theories, its exact cause remains unclear. Diagnosing this condition can be challenging, as it requires ruling out bleeding disorders, vasculitis, and related conditions. Here, we present a case of hematohidrosis in a 14-year-old male who experiences multiple daily episodes without identifiable causes. The patient has undergone various treatments but has not yet achieved remission.

Sinonasal Glomangiopericytoma- A Rare Sinonasal Neoplasm

Kavita Jain — 2025-04-18

Glomangiopericytoma of the sinonasal type is a rare sinonasal soft tissue tumor of low malignant potential. Its nosologic nature was controversial after it was first reported by Stout and Murray in 1942, who termed it as sinonasal haemangiopericytoma. It behaves very indolently as compared to its soft tissue counterparts, and now its cell of origin is known to be a perivascular modified glomus-like cell with myoid features. Clinically, it has many mimics ranging from inflammatory nasal polyps to epithelial neoplasms and vascular tumors. Here, we report a case in a 52-year-old male patient who presented with epistaxis and sinonasal polypoid mass. CT/CECT showed a polypoid lesion involving the right nasal cavity between the right middle turbinate and bony nasal septum with the possibility of a small mucosal nasal polyp. Total resection was performed by endoscopic nasal route. On histopathology and immunohistochemical examination, it was diagnosed as sinonasal glomangiopericytoma (GPC). We discuss the histology features and differentials to help in the diagnosis of this rare nasal neoplasm that presents with common symptoms of epistaxis diagnosis.

Excess Screen Time and Its Effects on Menstrual Cycle: The Need of the Hour

Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy — 2025-04-18

Researchers have observed potential confounding factors, such as stress, physical activity, and diet, that may influence the relationship between screen time and menstrual health. Excessive screen use can disrupt physiological functions, including the regulation of menstrual cycles. Emerging evidence suggests that lifestyle factors associated with prolonged screen exposure—such as increased stress, sedentary behavior, and disrupted sleep—can negatively impact hormonal regulation, potentially leading to menstrual irregularities. Early health intervention can be the implication of the same. In order to promote improved physical and mental health, create a balanced lifestyle, and improve general well-being, the public can be educated on screen time management, sleep hygiene, and healthier digital habits.

Emerging Technologies for Enhancing Vision in People with Blindness: Innovations, Applications, and Future Directions

Aditya S. Berad — 2025-04-18

Blindness and severe visual impairment are significant challenges affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Recent advancements in technology have led to the development of innovative solutions aimed at improving the quality of life for people with visual disabilities. Emerging technologies such as wearable devices, artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR), brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), and retinal prosthetics are transforming how individuals with blindness navigate the world, access information, and interact with their environment. This article explores the latest innovations in vision enhancement technologies for the blind, evaluates their impact, and discusses the barriers to their widespread adoption. Finally, the article offers insights into the future of these technologies and their potential to revolutionize vision restoration.

Down The Lane: It’s Been Three Years and Counting!

Dr. B N Mishra — 2025-04-18

Navigating a scientific publishing project has presented challenges and significant rewards. At CIJMR, we have completed the initial three years of our operation. The engagement of our audience, authors, reviewers, editors, publisher, and management has been essential to our achievements. Our newly established tagline, “Noble Research, Global Impact,” effectively reflects our overarching mission. It is important to update our stakeholders on our accomplishments and to acknowledge the contributions of these individuals.

Beyond the Smile: The Oral-Systemic Connection in Health and Disease

Bidushi Mishra — 2025-04-18

The oral cavity is more than a mechanical tool for mastication and speech—it serves as a crucial indicator of systemic health. Emerging research underscores the bidirectional relationship between oral health and conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, pregnancy outcomes, and genetic disorders. This review explores the intricate interplay between oral and systemic health, examining the microbial ecosystem of the mouth, the inflammatory mechanisms linking periodontitis to systemic diseases, and the oral manifestations of metabolic and genetic conditions. Additionally, the role of halitosis and tongue abnormalities as diagnostic markers, as well as the impact of oral health on overall quality of life, are discussed. By synthesizing current scientific evidence, this article advocates for a multidisciplinary approach to healthcare, emphasizing the need for collaboration between dentistry and medicine. A holistic understanding of oral-systemic connections is essential for improving patient outcomes and redefining oral health as an integral component of general well-being.

Nutrition Across the Lifespan: A Lifelong Approach to Brain Health and Cognitive Resilience

Kalpana Singh — 2025-04-18

Nutrition is critical to shaping brain health and cognitive resilience throughout the human lifespan, from early childhood to aging. During early development, nutrient-dense foods are required to support brain plasticity and function; deficiencies in important nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D have been associated with compromised cognitive abilities. In adults, dietary patterns rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory foods, and healthy fats help protect against cognitive decline and mental health disorders. Under the increased burden of oxidative stress and inflammation, the aging brain benefits from diets emphasizing antioxidants and high-quality proteins for maintaining cognitive function and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Although evidence has strongly linked diet to brain health, more research is required to explore how specific nutrients, dietary patterns, and life-stage interventions contribute to cognitive resilience. This editorial underlines the importance of a life-course approach to nutrition and the need for personalized strategies for all ages to optimize brain health and mitigate age-related cognitive decline.

Navigating the Challenges of Health Literacy Integration in Nursing: Effects on Cardiac Patient Mental Satisfaction in Low-Resource Settings

Kalpana Singh — 2025-04-18

Improving patient outcomes requires incorporating health literacy into nursing practice, especially for cardiac patients in low-resource settings. This study looks at the difficulties nurses have in putting health literacy techniques into practice and how they affect cardiac patients’ emotional satisfaction. The ability to get, comprehend, and apply health information is known as health literacy, and it is crucial for enabling patients to manage their health successfully. The successful incorporation of health literacy into nursing practice is severely hampered in low-resource areas by obstacles like a lack of educational resources, insufficient training, and systemic issues with healthcare. This study finds critical nurse interventions that help raise health literacy and boost patient satisfaction through a thorough literature review and qualitative analysis. The suggested model strongly emphasizes the value of health literacy testing, specialized teaching methods, a caring medical setting, and frequent patient satisfaction surveys. The results imply that improving health literacy substantially raises patients’ mental contentment and involvement in their care and improves their comprehension of their medical issues. This study emphasizes how critical health literacy instruction is to be included in nursing education programs and that healthcare systems provide funding for health literacy programs. Nurses can significantly improve patient satisfaction and health outcomes in cardiac care by overcoming the obstacles related to health literacy integration, which will eventually improve healthcare delivery in areas with limited resources.