Push and Pull Factors Guiding Indian Migration to Western Nations: A Cross-Sectional Investigation

Abstract

Introduction: Global migration has risen markedly, reaching about 304 million people in 2024, with India as the leading country of origin. Increasing numbers of Indian youth migrate to Western countries such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Germany, driven by economic constraints, limited domestic opportunities, and aspirations for better education, employment, and quality of life. However, focused evidence on their migration determinants and post-migration challenges remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the major push and pull factors influencing migration from India to Western countries and to evaluate the challenges experienced by migrants in host nations.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 Kerala migrants aged 15 to 40 years residing in Western countries between May 2024 and May 2025. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographic details, push and pull factors, and post-migration challenges, with determinants categorized using Yi classification. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, and ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.
Results: Among 200 participants, 49% were aged 18–25 years with equal gender distribution (50% each); 63% held professional degrees, and 62% were unskilled workers. The United Kingdom (23%) and Canada (19%) were the most preferred destinations. Low wages (45%) and unemployment (41%) were major economic push factors, while quality of life (47%) and improved living standards (39%) were key pull determinants; corruption (36%) also contributed. Based on Yi’s classification, 53.5% migrated mainly due to push factors. Common post-migration challenges included language barriers (53%), workplace adjustment issues (43%), discrimination (31%), high cost of living (35%), and lack of government support (64%).
Conclusion: Migration in this cohort was predominantly driven by push factors such as economic insecurity, unemployment, and governance-related concerns, while pull factors, including better living conditions and quality of life, reinforced decisions. Economic disparities, social aspirations, and political instability collectively shaped migration motives. Post-migration challenges, including language barriers, workplace adjustment difficulties, discrimination, and high living costs, highlighted the need for economic reforms at origin and stronger integration support in destination countries.