Morphometry of the Calcaneus and Its Application in Designing Orthopedic Heel Implants
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Abstract
Introduction
This study aimed to analyze the morphometric characteristics of the calcaneum by determining the averages of the maximum length, height, and width in the South Indian population, and to interpret the findings in relation to heel implants, optimal sizing of the implant length, and design compatibility.
Methodology
The study was conducted at the Institute of Anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India, over a period of six months from November 2025 to April 2026. A total of 50 calcanei were examined in this study, excluding damaged bones with severe deformities and missing parts. Maximum length was recorded from the posterior calcaneal tuberosity to the anterior calcaneocuboid articular surface, maximum width from sustentaculum tali to fibular trochlea, and maximum height from the inferior calcaneal tuberosity to the superior posterior talar facet. Measurements were recorded using a high precision digital vernier caliper with a least count of 0.01mm, and uploaded into the Jamovi software for statistical analysis. For each of the parameters, the mean, median, minimum, maximum, and range were noted.
Results
On measurement, the mean length of the calcaneum was 70.4 ± 6.01 mm, the mean width was 43.4 ± 4.4 mm, and the mean height was 51.6 ± 4.54 mm.
The length of the calcaneus ranged from 56.8 mm to 81.6 mm, giving a range of 24.8 mm. For width, the minimum value was found to be 34.9 mm, and the maximum 55.6 mm, giving a range of 20.7 mm. The height ranged from 40.5 mm to 59.5 mm, with a range of 19 mm.
Conclusion
This study provides useful insights into the morphometry of the calcaneus in the Indian population. Substantial morphological variation was observed in each of the measured parameters, highlighting the need for customized implants for a better fit and reduced complications.
The findings corroborate with existing research while contributing valuable data specific to the Indian population. The present study may help by expanding our anatomical understanding of the calcaneus which can aid orthopedic surgeons in the effective management of calcaneal injuries. It may also contribute to the development of optimal implant designs and sizing, improving clinical outcomes, and reducing implant-related complications.
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References
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