Antibiotic Use and Resistance: Situation, Strategies, Innovation and Research in the 21st Century

Abstract

Antibiotics, once considered miracle drugs, are facing an alarming threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally. It is largely driven by inappropriate and unindicated antibiotic use in both hospital and community settings. Although the impact is dire in low- and middle-income countries, including India, due to strained healthcare infrastructure, high burden of infectious diseases, easy accessibility and limitations of data and regulatory monitoring. However, AMR do not respect the geographical boundaries and poses a serious global challenge. This article presents the current global and national landscape of antibiotic use and resistance, highlights the research gaps, and the importance of research that helps to identify opportunities for interventions in the global scenario. Finally, it outlines a comprehensive way forward and summarize the key recommendations to address AMR.